3  Stressors

3.1 Offshore Wind Energy

Evaluation of stressors from the offshore wind industry needs to be evaluated based on human activities given the phase of development, whether pre-construction, construction, operation or decommissioning (Figure 3.1).

Figure 3.1: Cumulative adverse effects of offshore wind energy development on wildlife (Goodale and Milman 2016).

3.2 Oil & Gas

Goodale, M. Wing, and Anita Milman. 2016. “Cumulative Adverse Effects of Offshore Wind Energy Development on Wildlife.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 0 (0): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2014.973483.