8  Stressors

The stressor component of the vulnerability framework (see Chapter 2) addresses the human activities that may impact marine ecosystems. This section is a placeholder for future phases of the MST, which will incorporate stressor-receptor interaction matrices to complete the full vulnerability assessment.

8.1 Offshore Wind Energy

Evaluation of stressors from the offshore wind industry needs to be evaluated based on human activities given the phase of development, whether pre-construction, construction, operation or decommissioning (Figure 8.1).

Figure 8.1: Cumulative adverse effects of offshore wind energy development on wildlife (Goodale and Milman 2016).

8.2 Oil & Gas